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Myiasis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Myiasis
Miasis human.jpg
Cutaneous myiasis in the neck of a human
Classification and external resources
Specialty Infectious disease
ICD-10 B87
ICD-9-CM 134.0
DiseasesDB 29588
MeSH D009198
[edit on Wikidata]
Myiasis (/ˈmaɪ.əsᵻs/ or /maɪˈaɪ.əsᵻs/) is the parasitic infestation of the body of a live mammal by fly larvae (maggots) that grow inside the host while feeding on its tissue. Although flies are most commonly attracted to open wounds and urine- or feces-soaked fur, some species (including the most common myiatic flies, the botfly, blowfly and screwfly) can create an infestation even on unbroken skin and have been known to use moist soil and non-myiatic flies (such as the common housefly) as vector agents for their parasitic larvae.

Colloquialisms for myiasis include flystrike and blowfly strike, and the victim or the tissue may be described as fly-blown. The name of the condition derives from ancient Greek μυῖα (myia), meaning "fly".

Because some animals (particularly domestic animals) cannot react as effectively as humans to the causes and effects of myiasis, such infestations present a severe and continuing problem for livestock industries worldwide, causing severe economic losses where they are not mitigated by human action.[1] Although typically a far greater issue for animals, myiasis is also a relatively frequent affliction of humans in rural tropical regions where myiatic flies thrive, and often may require medical attention to surgically remove the parasites.[2]

Myiasis varies widely in the forms it takes and its effects on the victims. Such variations depend largely on the fly species and where the larvae are located. Some flies lay eggs in open wounds, other larvae may invade unbroken skin or enter the body through the nose or ears, and still others may be swallowed if the eggs are deposited on the lips or on food.[2]

Contents [hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
1.1 Nosocomial myiasis
1.2 Wound myiasis
1.3 Eye myiasis
2 Causes
2.1 Life cycle
3 Vectors in humans
3.1 Specific myiasis
3.2 Semispecific myiasis
3.3 Accidental myiasis
4 Diagnosis
4.1 Classifications
5 Prevention
6 Treatment
7 History
8 Maggot therapy
8.1 History
9 References
10 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
How myiasis affects the human body depends on where the larvae are located. Larvae may infect dead, necrotic (prematurely dying) or living tissue in various sites: the skin, eyes, ears, stomach and intestinal tract, or in genitourinary sites.[3] They may invade open wounds and lesions or unbroken skin. Some enter the body through the nose or ears. Larvae or eggs can reach the stomach or intestines if they are swallowed with food and cause gastric or intestinal myiasis.[2]

Several different presentations of myiasis and their symptoms:[2]

Syndrome Symptoms
Cutaneous Myiasis Painful, slow-developing ulcers or furuncle- (boil-) like sores that can last for a prolonged period.
Nasal Myiasis Obstruction of nasal passages and severe irritation. In some cases facial edema and fever can develop. Death is not uncommon.
Aural Myiasis Crawling sensations and buzzing noises. Smelly discharge is sometimes present. If located in the middle ear, larvae may get to the brain.
Ophthalmomyiasis Fairly common, this causes severe irritation, edema, and pain.

Nosocomial myiasis[edit]
Nosocomial myiasis is myiasis acquired in a hospital setting. It is quite frequent, as patients with open wounds or sores can be infested if flies are present. To prevent nosocomial myiasis, hospital rooms must be kept free of flies.

Wound myiasis[edit]
Wound myiasis occurs when fly larvae infest open wounds. It has been a serious complication of war wounds in tropical areas, and is sometimes seen in neglected wounds in most parts of the world. Predisposing factors include poor socioeconomic conditions, extremes of age, mental disability, psychiatric illness, alcoholism, diabetes, and vascular occlusive disease.[4][5][6][7][8]

Eye myiasis[edit]
Myiasis of the human eye or ophthalmomyiasis can be caused by Hypoderma tarandi, a parasitic botfly of caribou. It is known to lead to uveitis, glaucoma, and retinal detachment.[9] Human ophthalmomyiasis, both external and internal, has been caused by the larvae of the botfly.[10]

Causes[edit]
Life cycle[edit]
The most common infected animal worldwide is the domestic sheep, caused by the blowfly, especially where conditions are hot and wet. The life cycle in sheep is typical of the disease. The female flies lay their eggs on the sheep in damp, protected areas of the body that are soaked with urine and feces, mainly the sheep's breech (buttocks). It takes approximately eight hours to a day for the eggs to hatch, depending on the conditions. Once hatched, the larvae then lacerate the skin with their mouthparts, causing open sores. Once the skin has been breached, the larvae then tunnel through the sores into the host's subcutaneous tissue, causing deep and irritating lesions highly subject to infection. After about the second day, bacterial infection is likely and, if left untreated, causes toxemia or septicemia. This leads to anorexia and weakness and is generally fatal if untreated.

Blowfly strike accounts for over A$170 million a year in losses in the Australian sheep industry, the largest such losses in the world. Given the seriousness of the risk, Australian sheep farmers commonly perform preventive measures such as mulesing designed to remove the most common targets for the flies. The docking of lambs' tails (another frequently-soiled area which myiatic flies target) is also commonly practiced by sheep farmers worldwide. Maggots also commonly[citation needed] infest the vulvar area, causing the condition called vulvar myiasis.

Such problems are not peculiar to Australia and New Zealand; they occur worldwide, especially in countries where livestock, particularly sheep, are kept under hot, wet, conditions, including most of Africa and the Americas, ranging from the cold temperate regions in the north, to corresponding latitudes in the south. Myiasis is also not restricted to sheep; screwworm flies (Cochliomyia hominivorax in particular) regularly cause upwards of US$100 million in annual damages to domestic cows and goats,[11] though the impact has been heavily mitigated in recent years by the sterile insect technique.

Vectors in humans[edit]
There are three main fly families causing economically important myiasis in livestock and also, occasionally, in humans:

Calliphoridae (blowflies)
Oestridae (botflies)
Sarcophagidae (fleshflies)
Other families occasionally involved are:

Anisopodidae
Piophilidae
Stratiomyidae
Syrphidae
Specific myiasis[edit]
Caused by flies that need a host for larval development

Dermatobia hominis (human botfly)
Cordylobia anthropophaga (tumbu fly)
Oestrus ovis (sheep botfly)
Hypoderma spp. (cattle botflies or ox warbles)
Gasterophilus spp. (horse botfly)
Cochliomyia hominivorax (new world screwworm fly)
Chrysomya bezziana (old world screwworm fly)
Auchmeromyia senegalensis (Congo floor maggot)
Cuterebra spp. (rodent and rabbit botfly)
Semispecific myiasis[edit]
Caused by flies that usually lay their eggs in decaying animal or vegetable matter, but that can develop in a host if open wounds or sores are present

Lucilia spp. (green-bottle fly)
Cochliomyia spp. (screw-worm fly)
Phormia spp. (black-bottle fly)
Calliphora spp. (blue-bottle fly)
Sarcophaga spp. (flesh fly or sarcophagids)
Flesh flies, or sarcophagids, members of the family Sarcophagidae, can cause intestinal myiasis in humans if the females lay their eggs on meat or fruit.

Accidental myiasis[edit]

Accidental myiasis[edit]
Also called pseudomyiasis. Caused by flies that have no preference or need to develop in a host but that will do so on rare occasions. Transmission occurs through accidental deposit of eggs on oral or genitourinary openings, or by swallowing eggs or larvae that are on food.

Musca domestica (housefly)
Fannia spp. (latrine flies)
Eristalis tenax (rat-tailed maggots)
Muscina spp.
The adult flies are not parasitic, but when they lay their eggs in open wounds and these hatch into their larval stage (also known as maggots or grubs), the larvae feed on live and/or necrotic tissue, causing myiasis to develop. They may also be ingested or enter through other body apertures.

Diagnosis[edit]
Myiasis is often misdiagnosed in the United States because it is rare and its symptoms are not specific. Intestinal myiasis and urinary myiasis are especially difficult to diagnose.[2]

Clues that myiasis may be present include recent travel to an endemic area, one or more non-healing lesions on the skin, itchiness, movement under the skin or pain, discharge from a central punctum (tiny hole), or a small, white structure protruding from the lesion.[12] Serologic testing has also been used to diagnose the presence of botfly larvae in human ophthalmomyiasis.[10]

Classifications[edit]
German entomologist Fritz Zumpt describes myiasis as "the infestation of live human and vertebrate animals with dipterous larvae, which at least for a period, feed on the host's dead or living tissue, liquid body substances, or ingested food". For modern purposes however, this is too vague. For example, feeding on dead or necrotic tissue is not generally a problem except when larvae such as those of flies in the family Piophilidae attack stored food such as cheese or preserved meats; such activity suggests saprophagy rather than parasitism; it even may be medically beneficial in maggot debridement therapy (MDT).

Currently myiasis commonly is classified according to aspects relevant to the case in question:

The classical description of myiasis is according to the part of the host that is infected. This is the classification used by ICD-10. For example:[13]
dermal
sub-dermal
cutaneous (B87.0)
Creeping, where larvae burrow through or under the skin
Furuncular, where a larva remains in one spot, causing a boil-like lesion
nasopharyngeal nose, sinuses or pharynx. (B87.3)
Ophthalmic or ocular in or about the eye (B87.2)
Auricular in or about the ear
gastric, rectal, or intestinal/enteric for the appropriate part of the digestive system(B87.8)
urogenital (B87.8).
Another aspect is the relationship between the host and the parasite and provides insight into the biology of the fly species causing the myiasis and its likely effect. Thus the myiasis is described as either:[13]
Obligatory, where the parasite cannot complete its life cycle without its parasitic phase, which may be Specific, Semispecific, or Opportunistic.
Facultative, incidental, or accidental, where it is not essential to the life cycle of the parasite; perhaps a normally free-living larva accidentally gained entrance to the host.[2]
Accidental myiasis commonly is enteric, resulting from swallowing eggs or larvae with one's food. The effect is called pseudomyiasis.[14] One traditional cause of pseudomyiasis was the eating of maggots of cheese flies in cheeses such as Stilton. Depending on the species present in the gut, pseudomyiasis may cause significant medical symptoms, but it is likely that most cases pass unnoticed.

Prevention[edit]
The first control method is preventive and aims to eradicate the adult flies before they can cause any damage and is called vector control. The second control method is the treatment once the infestation is present, and concerns the infected animals (including humans).

The principal control method of adult populations of myiasis inducing flies involves insecticide applications in the environment where the target livestock is kept. Organophosphorus or organochlorine compounds may be used, usually in a spraying formulation. One alternative prevention method is the SIT (Sterile Insect Technique) where a significant number of artificially reared sterilized (usually through irradiation) male flies are introduced. The male flies compete with wild bred males for females in order to copulate and thus cause females to lay batches of unfertilized eggs which can't develop into the larval stage.

One prevention method involves removing the environment most favourable to the flies, such as by docking (removal of the tail). Another example is the crutching of sheep, which involves the removal of wool from around the tail and between the rear legs, which is a favourable environment for the larvae. Another more permanent practice which is used in some countries is mulesing, where skin is removed from young animals to tighten remaining skin – leaving it less prone to fly attack.[15]

To prevent myiasis in humans, there is a need for general improvement of sanitation, personal hygiene, and extermination of the flies by insecticides. Clothes should be washed thoroughly, preferably in hot water, dried away from flies, and ironed thoroughly. The heat of the iron kills the eggs of myiasis-causing flies.[12]

Treatment[edit]
This applies once an infestation is established. In many circles the first response to cutaneous myiasis once the breathing hole has formed, is to cover the air hole thickly with petroleum jelly. Lack of oxygen then forces the larva to the surface, where it can more easily be dealt with. In a clinical or veterinary setting there may not be time for such tentative approaches, and the treatment of choice might be more direct, with or without an incision. First the larva must be eliminated through pressure around the lesion and the use of forceps. Secondly the wound must be cleaned and disinfected. Further control is necessary to avoid further reinfestation.

Livestock may be treated prophylactically with slow release boluses containing ivermectin which can provide long-term protection against the development of the larvae.

Sheep also may be dipped, a process which involves drenching the animals in persistent insecticide to poison the larvae before they develop into a problem.

History[edit]

Myiasis in a cat's flesh
The Reverend Frederick William Hope coined the term myiasis in 1840 to refer to diseases resulting from dipterous larvae as opposed to those caused by other insect larvae (the term for this was scholechiasis). Hope described several cases of myiasis from Jamaica caused by unknown larvae, one of which resulted in death.[16]

Even though the term myiasis was first used in 1840, such conditions have been known since ancient times. Ambroise Paré, the chief surgeon to King Charles IX and King Henry III, observed that maggots often infested open wounds.[17]

Maggot therapy[edit]
Main article: Maggot therapy
Throughout recorded history, maggots have been used therapeutically to clean out necrotic wounds, an application known as maggot therapy.

Fly larvae that feed on dead tissue can clean wounds and may reduce bacterial activity and the chance of a secondary infection. They dissolve dead tissue by secreting digestive enzymes onto the wound as well as actively eating the dead tissue with “mouth hooks,” two hard, probing appendages protruding on either side of the "mouth".[18] Maggot therapy – also known as maggot debridement therapy (MDT), larval therapy, larva therapy, or larvae therapy – is the intentional introduction by a health care practitioner of live, disinfected green bottle fly maggots (larvae) into the non-healing skin and soft tissue wound(s) of a human or other animal for the purpose of selectively cleaning out only the necrotic (dead) tissue within a wound in order to promote wound healing.

Although maggot therapy has been used in the US for the past 80 years, it was approved by the FDA as a “medical device” only in 2004 (along with leeches in the same year).[19] Maggots were the first live organism to be marketed in the US according to FDA regulations, and are approved for treating neuropathic (diabetic) foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, venous stasis ulcers, and traumatic and post-surgical wounds that are unresponsive to conventional therapies. Before this, maggots were in fact being used but were unregulated. Richard Sherman, a doctor in Irvine, CA, is the best-known maggot therapy advocate and began treating patients with maggots in 1990.[19] He is now the laboratory director of Monarch Labs, the first commercial producer of medical grade maggots. This lab has provided maggots and maggot therapy supplies since 1935.[20]

In the US, demand for these fly larvae doubled after the FDA ruling. Maggot therapy is now used in more than 300 sites across the country.[18] The American Medical Association and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services recently clarified the reimbursement guidelines to the wound care community for medicinal maggots, and this therapy may soon be covered by insurance.[21] The larvae of the green bottle fly (a type of blow-fly) are now used exclusively for this purpose, since they preferentially devour only necrotic tissue, leaving healthy tissue intact. This is an important distinction, as most other major varieties of myiasitic fly larvae attack both live and dead wound tissue indiscriminately, effectively negating their benefit in non-harmful wound debridement. Medicinal maggots are placed on the wound and covered with a sterile dressing of gauze and nylon mesh. Too many larvae placed on the wound could result in healthy tissue being eaten.[1

History[edit]
Maggot therapy has a long history and prehistory. The indigenous people of Australia used maggot therapy, and so do the Hill Peoples of Northern Burma, and possibly the Mayans of Central America.[2] Surgeons in Napoleon’s armies recognized that wounded soldiers with myiasis were more likely to survive than those without the infestation. In the American Civil War, army surgeons treated wounds by allowing blowfly maggots to clean away the decayed tissue.

Dr. William Baer, an orthopedic surgeon at Johns Hopkins during the late 1920s, used maggot therapy to treat a series of patients with osteomyelitis, an infection of bone or bone marrow. The idea was based on an experience in World War I in which two soldiers presented to him with broken femurs after having lain on the ground for seven days without food and water. Dr. Baer could not figure out why neither man had a fever or signs of sepsis. He observed: “On removing the clothing from the wounded part, much was my surprise to see the wound filled with thousands and thousands of maggots, apparently those of the blow fly. The sight was very disgusting and measures were taken hurriedly to wash out these abominable looking creatures.” However, he then saw that the wounds were filled with “beautiful pink granulation tissue” and were healing well.[22]

Maggot therapy was common in the United States during the 1930s. However, during the second half of the twentieth century, after the introduction of antibiotics, maggot therapy was used only as a last resort for very serious wounds.[2] Lately maggots have been making a comeback due to the increased resistance of bacteria to antibiotics.

References[edit]
Jump up ^ Otranto, Domenico. “The immunology of myiasis: parasite survival and host defense strategies.” Trends in Parasitology 17 (2001): 4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h John, David and Petri, William. Markell and Voge’s Medical Parasitology: 9th Edition. Missouri: Saunders Elsevier, 2006. p. 328-334.
Jump up ^ Ockenhouse, Christian, Samlaska, Curt, Benson, Paul, Roberts, Lyman, Eliasson, Arn, Malane, Susan, and Menich, Mark. “Cutaneous myiasis caused by the African tumbu fly.” Archives of Dermatology 126 (1990):199-202.
Jump up ^ Wound myiasis in a patient with squamous cell carcinoma. Namazi MR, Fallahzadeh MK. ScientificWorldJournal. 2009 Nov 1;9:1192-3. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2009.138.[1],
Jump up ^ "Screwworm flies as agents of wound myiasis". Fao.org. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
Jump up ^ El-Azazy, O.M.E. 1989. Wound myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in Libya. Vet. Rec., 124: 103
Jump up ^ Not the Usual Suspects: Human Wound Myiasis by Phorids. T. E. Huntington, David W. Voigt, and L. G. Higley. Journal of Medical Entomology Jan 2008 : Vol. 45, Issue 1, pg(s) 157-159 doi: 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[157:NTUSHW]2.0.CO;2
Jump up ^ Cleveland Clinic (13 August 2010). Current Clinical Medicine: Expert Consult - Online. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1396–. ISBN 978-1-4377-3571-0. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Lagacé-Wiens, P. R., et al. (2008). Human ophthalmomyiasis interna caused by Hypoderma tarandi, Northern Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14(1), 64.
^ Jump up to: a b Lagacé-Wiens, Philippe; Dookeran, Ravi; Skinner, Stuart; Leicht, Richard; Colwell, Douglas D.; Galloway, Terry D. (2008). "Human Ophthalmomyiasis Interna Caused by Hypoderma tarandi, Northern Canada". Emerging Infectious Diseases 14 (1): 64–6. doi:10.3201/eid1401.070163. PMC 2600172. PMID 18258079. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Hill, Dennis S. (1997). The economic importance of insects. Springer. p. 102. ISBN 0412498006.
^ Jump up to: a b Adisa, Charles and Mbanaso, Augustus. “Furuncular myiasis of the breast caused by the larvae of the Tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga).” BMC Surgery 4 (2004): 5.
^ Jump up to: a b Janovy, John; Schmidt, Gerald D.; Roberts, Larry S. (1996). Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of parasitology. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown. ISBN 0-697-26071-2.
Jump up ^ Zumpt, Fritz Konrad Ernst; Myiasis in man and animals in the old world. Butterworth 1965
Jump up ^ "Standard Operating Procedures - sheep Mulesing". teacher's notes. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. March 8, 2004. Retrieved 2007-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Introduction to myiasis | Natural History Museum". Nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Sherman, RA, Hall, MJR, and Thomas, S. “Medicinal Maggots: An ancient remedy for some contemporary afflictions.” Annual Review of Entomology 45 (2000): 55-81.
^ Jump up to: a b Greer, Kathleen. “Age-old therapy gets new approval.” Advances in Skin & Wound Care. January/February 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b Rubin, Rita (2004-07-07). "Maggots and leeches: Good medicine". Usatoday.Com. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Home | School of Medicine | University of California, Irvine". Healthaffairs.uci.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Insurance may soon cover maggot therapy - Health - Health care | NBC News". MSNBC. 2008-11-19. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
Jump up ^ Baer, William. “The treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with the maggot (larva of the blow fly).” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 13 (1931): 438-475.
External links[edit]
Myiasis, reviewed and published by WikiVet
Exotic Myiasis, University of Sydney Department of Medical Entomology
Identification key to species of myiasis-causing fly larvae, Natural History Museum (London)
[hide] v t e
Diseases from ectoparasitics and arthropods (B85–B89, 132–134)
Insecta
Louse
Body louse / Head louse Pediculosis Head lice infestation Pediculosis corporis
Crab louse Phthiriasis
Hemiptera
Bed bug (Cimicosis)
Fly
Dermatobia hominis / Cordylobia anthropophaga / Cochliomyia hominivorax (Myiasis)
Flea
Chigoe flea Tunga penetrans Tungiasis
Arachnida
Acariasis / mange (mites)
Trombidiformes: Trombicula Trombiculosis Chigger bite Demodex brevis / Demodex folliculorum Demodicosis Demodex mite bite Pyemotes herfsi Cheyletiella Cheyletiellosis Sarcoptiformes: Sarcoptes scabiei Scabies
Dermanyssus gallinae Liponyssoides sanguineus
Ticks
Tick infestation
Crustacea
Pentastomida
Linguatula serrata Linguatulosis Porocephalus crotali / Armillifer armillatus Porocephaliasis
Categories: Sheep and goat diseasesArthropod infestationsVeterinary entomologyParasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
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München?/i [ˈmʏnçn̩] (bairisch Minga?/i) ist die Landeshauptstadt des Freistaates Bayern. Sie ist mit ca. 1,5 Millionen Einwohnern die einwohnerstärkste und flächengrößte Stadt Bayerns und, nach Berlin und Hamburg, die nach Einwohnern drittgrößte Kommune Deutschlands und die zwölftgrößte der Europäischen Union. Ende Mai 2016 betrug die melderegisterbasierte Einwohnerzahl 1.530.359 Personen,[3] womit München mit 4.926 Einwohnern je Quadratkilometer die am dichtesten bevölkerte Gemeinde Deutschlands sowie mit 519 m ü. NN[4] dessen höchstgelegene Großstadt ist. Darüber hinaus ist München für die höchsten Preise für Mietwohnungen in Deutschland bekannt.[5][6]

Die Landeshauptstadt ist eine kreisfreie Stadt, zudem Verwaltungssitz des die Stadt umgebenden gleichnamigen Landkreises mit dem Landratsamt München als Verwaltung, des Bezirks Oberbayern und des Regierungsbezirks Oberbayern. Die Stadt ist außerdem Zentrum der Planungsregion München, in der mehr als 2,7 Millionen Menschen leben,[7] und der europäischen Metropolregion München mit rund 5,7 Millionen Einwohnern.

München wird unter ökonomischen Kriterien zu den Weltstädten gezählt.[8] Die Stadt ist eine der wirtschaftlich erfolgreichsten und am schnellsten wachsenden Großstädte Deutschlands und Sitz zahlreicher Konzerne und Versicherungen. Zudem ist sie nach Frankfurt am Main der zweitwichtigste Finanzplatz Deutschlands und zugleich eines der bedeutendsten Finanzzentren weltweit. In der Städteplatzierung des Beratungsunternehmens Mercer belegte München im Jahr 2014 unter fünfzig Großstädten weltweit nach Infrastruktur[9] den zweiten und nach Lebensqualität[10] den vierten Platz. Innerhalb Deutschlands gilt München als lebenswerteste Stadt.[11] Andererseits wird die Lebensqualität zunehmend durch Agglomerationsnachteile, wie Verkehrs-, Umweltbelastung und sehr hohe Mieten eingeschränkt. München gilt als sicherste Kommune unter den deutschen Großstädten über 200.000 Einwohnern hinsichtlich der Kriminalitätsrate aller Straftaten.[12]

München wurde 1158 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt.[4] 1255 wurde die Stadt bayerischer Herzogssitz, war von 1328 bis 1347 kaiserliche Residenzstadt und wurde 1506 alleinige Hauptstadt Bayerns. München ist Sitz zahlreicher nationaler und internationaler Behörden sowie wichtiger Universitäten und Hochschulen, bedeutender Museen und Theater. Durch eine große Anzahl sehenswerter Bauten, internationaler Sportveranstaltungen, Messen und Kongresse sowie das Oktoberfest ist München ein Anziehungspunkt für den Tourismus.

Etymologie[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Erste urkundliche Erwähnung Münchens (munichen) im Augsburger Schied
Der Name München wird üblicherweise als „bei den Mönchen“ gedeutet, begründet in der Bezeichnung forum apud Munichen, mit der die Stadt bei ihrer erstmaligen urkundlichen Erwähnung im Augsburger Schied vom 14. Juni 1158 durch Kaiser Friedrich I. genannt wird.

Dabei geht Munichen wohl auf den Dativ Plural des althochdeutschen munih bzw. mittelhochdeutschen mün(e)ch, den Vorläufer des Wortes Mönch, zurück.[13] Vor der Gründung der Stadt soll es hier eine Niederlassung von Mönchen aus dem Kloster Schäftlarn gegeben haben. Dass diese, wie vielfach behauptet, auf dem Petersbergl lag, ist bislang nicht durch archäologische Funde bestätigt. Nach einer anderen Hypothese lag die namensgebende Mönchsniederlassung bei dem späteren Klosterhof Schäftlarn an der Stelle der heutigen Michaelskirche.[14] Eine früher angenommene Verbindung zum Kloster Tegernsee gilt seit einiger Zeit als widerlegt.[15] Es ist nicht einmal sicher, ob bei der Gründung Münchens überhaupt noch eine Mönchssiedlung bestand, oder ob munichen bereits eine feststehende Ortsbezeichnung darstellte, die auf eine frühere, aber nicht mehr bestehende Mönchssiedlung zurückging. Es wurde sogar bezweifelt, dass der Name munichen überhaupt auf eine Mönchssiedlung hinweist.[16]

Historisch wurde München auch bei seinen lateinischen Namen genannt: Monacum, Adjektiv monacensis; auch Monachia bzw. Monachium.[17]

München hat in anderen Sprachen unterschiedliche Bezeichnungen: So heißt die Stadt auf Englisch und Französisch Munich (in allerdings unterschiedlicher Aussprache), auf Spanisch Múnich sowie im Italienischen Monaco (di Baviera) („di Baviera“ zur Unterscheidung vom Fürstentum Monaco).

Geographie[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Satellitenfoto der Region München
Geologie[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Das Alpenvorland zwischen Kalkalpen und Donau, in dem sich auch München befindet, liegt auf einem tiefen Senkungsbecken, das seit Millionen von Jahren hauptsächlich aus Abtragungen der Alpen aufgefüllt wird. Im Tertiär wurden dort überwiegend Sand- und Geröllmassen durch Flüsse aus den Alpen abgelagert. Während der nachfolgenden Eiszeiten, deren letzte vor etwa 10.000 Jahren endete, bildeten sich im Alpenbereich große Gletscher- und Schmelzwasserströme, die im Voralpenland Moränenhügel und Schotterebenen zurückließen. Die 55 km breite Münchner Schotterebene, die an den Endmoränen des Isarvorlandgletschers ansetzt, ist eine schiefe Ebene mit einem Höhenunterschied von 300 Metern zwischen Holzkirchen im Süden und Moosburg im Norden, deren Oberflächenformen in erster Linie durch den würmeiszeitlichen Schotter gebildet werden. Im Süden der Ebene sind die Flüsse, insbesondere die Isar, tief eingeschnitten. Auf diesen Schotterböden findet man wie im Süden von München vermehrt Wälder, wie den Perlacher Forst und den Forstenrieder Park, auch weil der Grundwasserspiegel hier relativ tief liegt. Im Norden der Stadt dagegen, wo sich der Grundwasserspiegel nahe der Oberfläche befindet, liegen große Niedermoore, wie das Dachauer Moos im Nordwesten und das Erdinger Moos im Nordosten. Siehe auch: Münchner Grüngürtel.

Topographie[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Die höchste Stelle Münchens liegt an der äußersten südlichen Stadtgrenze im Stadtteil Solln. Sie befindet sich etwa 600 m südlich vom Gutshof Warnberg (ca. 579 m ü. NHN) direkt südlich zweier am Waldrand des Forstenrieder Parks gelegenen Fußballplätze auf 580,5 m ü. NHN.[18][19] Der tiefste Punkt liegt nahe der äußersten nördlichen Stadtgrenze im Stadtteil Feldmoching an der östlich vom Naturschutz- und Waldgebiet Schwarzhölzl gelegenen Regattastrecke Oberschleißheim, die sich auf rund 480 m ü. NHN[18] befindet. Somit ergibt sich im Stadtgebiet ein Höhenunterschied von etwa 100,5 Metern.


Ruhmeshalle und Bavaria am Westrand der Theresienwiese, angelegt unter Ausnutzung einer Geländestufe, die halb München durchzieht.
Die Isar durchfließt das Stadtgebiet auf einer Länge von 13,7 km von Südwest nach Nordost, parallel dazu läuft bis Sendling der Isar-Werkkanal. In der Isar liegen die Museumsinsel mit dem Deutschen Museum und in unmittelbarer Nähe flussabwärts die Praterinsel. In den südlichen Stadtteilen ist die Isar stark in die Schotterebene eingeschnitten, mit Steilkanten auf beiden Seiten. Der tiefer gelegene Stadtteil Thalkirchen befindet sich dort, wo sich die linke Geländestufe von der Isar entfernt. Die Stufe ist in Sendling[20] und an der Westseite der Theresienwiese noch deutlicher erkennbar. Am rechten Isarufer liegen der Tierpark und der Stadtteil Au unterhalb der Geländestufe, die sich in Innenstadtnähe wieder dem Fluss nähert (Gasteig = gacher [steiler] Steig; städtebaulich prominente Rampen am Maximilianeum und am Friedensengel), bevor sich im nördlichen Stadtteil Oberföhring der Höhenunterschied allmählich verliert.

Weitere Fließgewässer sind die Würm, die aus dem Starnberger See kommend den Westen Münchens durchfließt, der Hachinger Bach, der im Südosten bei Perlach in das Stadtgebiet eintritt und nördlich von Neuperlach unterirdisch weitergeführt wird, sowie etliche von der Isar abzweigende Stadtbäche wie der Eisbach und der Auer Mühlbach. Seen im Münchner Stadtgebiet sind der Kleinhesseloher See im Englischen Garten, der Badenburger See und der Pagodenburger See im Nymphenburger Park, der Olympiasee, der Nadisee, der Schwabinger See, die Dreiseenplatte mit Lerchenauer, Fasanerie- und Feldmochinger See im Norden sowie im Westen der Langwieder See und der Lußsee, die zur Langwieder Seenplatte gehören. Im Süden liegt in der Nähe des linken Isarufers der Hinterbrühler See.

Te amo Monaco di Bavariae!!!!!-I love Munich!!!

Edited 7/19/2016 21:56:44

My 10 seconds of fame is now!

And......end.

#MAKEAMERICAGREATAGAIN

pls be the last

Come on come on come on pls pls pls pls pls pls pls pls so close I am gonna do it maybe maybe OMG!

Edited 8/3/2016 11:39:33

This thread is still going on ^^

Edited 8/3/2016 19:48:49

get shreckt

dammit

Edited 8/4/2016 04:22:18

Prove me the Earth is not flat

Super Bayern super Bayern hey hey hey

Turnips!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!