I know that transferred armies are killed before armies that started in a territory, but what about the following situation?

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Let's say I have 101 armies on a territory. I get first move and make a 50 army attack that fails, leaving some of the attacking armies on the initial territory.
My opponent then attacks me, killing 30 armies.

Are these armies taken first from the 51 armies that have yet to perform an action, or are they taken from the remaining armies that have already acted?

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This is of course completely theoretical and has little (certainly nothing) to do with any situation that might currently exist in a game. :-)

I think the answer is both. When the fail armies gp back to their territory, it's just one stack (of which 30 is subtracted).

The reason transferred armies die first is in case you are trying to do a attack later.

the armies that have already attacked and remain on the field from which you were attacking (hence they failed) are dying first. so:

if you had 101 armies, attacked from this territory with 50, failed and have 30 armies which retreated back to the teritorry, then if you are attacked and let's say lose 40 armies in that attack, you will still be able to attack with 40

101
- 50 (because you were attacking with them)
+ 30 (because they failed and retreated back to the terr)
- 40 (because your opponent killed them)
- 1 (because 1 must always stay "home")

= 40

Thanks Blizzard. I was fairly certain that's how it worked, but wanted to double check.

For ease of reference:

• armies which cannot attack any more: "stuck armies"
  
• armies which can still perform an attack: "mobile armies"
  

It's really very simple: stuck armies are the first to get killed; only when a territory runs out of those will mobile armies start to die.

To the best of my knowledge there's no way to actually see how many armies are "stuck" or "mobile"; WL only shows the total amount.

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One thing to keep in mind, attack-only or transfer-only orders which didn't take place do turn the armies they would've applied to into stuck armies. Let's say you have:

• 10 armies on a territory
  
• first order: a transfer-only order for 5 armies (to a territory you lost before the order takes place, so the order is skipped)
  

Now, if you give a second order, the following happens:

• a maximum of 4 armies are available: 10 armies in total, minus 1 defender which has to stay behind, and minus the 5 armies which never actually did anything, but still count as being stuck
  
• if "attack by percentage" is enabled, an order to "50%" of your armies will result in 2 armies following that order.